[Analysis of the hard and soft tissue following immediate and early implant placement in the anterior area of maxilla].

抄録

To compare the difference of soft and hard tissue changes between immediate implant and early implant placement in maxillary anterior region, so as to provide the basis for the selection of implant timing and surgical method for patients in clinical maxillary anterior dental esthetic zone. From January 2016 to January 2019, 89 patients [48 males and 41 females, aged (38.0±13.3) years] with dentition defect and single tooth implant restoration in the Department of Oral Implantology Dalian Stomatological Hospital were retrospectively collected. The patients were divided into three groups according to different implant timing and operation methods: immediate implant flapless group (26 cases), immediate implant flap group (30 cases) and early implant group (33 cases, early implant 4-8 weeks after tooth extraction). The operation time, intraoperative and postoperative complications were compared among the three groups. Cone-beam CT was taken before operation, immediately after operation and 6 months after operation. The bone plate thickness immediately after implantation, bone plate thickness at 6 months after operation and absorption amount of bone plate thickness at labial side (immediately after operation minus 6 months after operation) were measured, and the absorption rate of labial bone plate was calculated. Three dimensional quantitative analysis was performed on the lip bone increment, residual bone volume (6 months after operation minus preoperative), and bone volume absorption rate of the three groups immediately after operation by using GuideMia, PlastyCAD and Geomagic engineering software. The pink and white esthetic indexes of the three groups were evaluated at 9 months and 15 months after implant placement. The implant stability quotient (ISQ) value was measured at 6 months after implantation, and the patients' satisfaction with the whole treatment process was investigated at 6 months after implantation. The operation time of immediate implant flapless group was the shortest, the median (lower quartile, upper quartile) was 36.5 (33.3, 38.5) min. At 9 months after operation, PES was relatively high [8.5 (8.0, 9.0)], and the final patient satisfaction was 8.0 (7.3, 8.8), and the difference was statistically significant compared with the other two groups (<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative complications among the groups (>0.05). At 6 months after operation, the thickness of labial bone plate in early group was 3.09 (3.00, 3.25) mm, which was greater than that in the immediate non flap group [1.90 (1.72, 2.33) mm] and that in the immediate implant flap group [2.39 (2.05, 3.06) mm], and the difference was statistically significant (<0.05). The absorption of labial bone thickness in immediate implant flapless group [0.61 (0.35, 0.98) mm] was significantly lower than that in the immediate implant flap group [1.13 (0.97, 1.53) mm] and that in the early implant group [1.23 (1.07, 1.37) mm] (<0.05). After 6 months, the residual bone volume of immediate flapless group was 38.7 (31.2, 54.6) mm and was significantly different from that in early implant group [109.1 (85.6, 263.1) mm] (<0.05), and there was no significant difference in the residual bone volume between immediate implant flapless group and immediate implant flap group (>0.05). Immediate implant can reduce the treatment time with equal esthetic outcome of implant supported restoration of anterior teeth, and patients prefer it more. The bone volume of lip side was not significantly increased after immediate flap operation, and the bone absorption was less after immediate flap operation. Early implant placement can better maintain the three-dimensional bone mass, and the three groups can obtain good clinical results in the short term, but the long-term effect needs further follow-up study.

比较上前牙区即刻种植与早期种植术后软硬组织变化的差异，为临床美学区种植的种植时机及术式选择提供依据。 回顾性收集2016年1月至2019年1月于大连市口腔医院种植科就诊的上前牙区牙列缺损、需行单牙种植修复的患者89例，男性48例，女性41例，年龄（38.0±13.3）岁，种植体植入6个月后制作临时修复体，软组织塑形3个月后完成永久修复，随访6个月。将病例按不同的种植时机和术式分为3组：即刻种植不翻瓣组（26例）、即刻种植翻瓣组（30例）和早期种植组（33例，拔牙4~8周后早期种植）。比较3组患者种植手术时间、术中及术后并发症发生率差异。患者于种植术前、术后即刻、术后6个月拍摄锥形束CT，测量种植术后即刻和术后6个月唇侧骨板厚度，并计算唇侧骨板吸收量（术后即刻-术后6个月）和唇侧骨板吸收率；利用GuideMia、PlastyCAD、Geomagic工程学软件对3组患者术后即刻唇侧骨体积增量（术后即刻-术前）、术后6个月剩余骨体积（术后6个月-术前）及骨体积吸收率进行三维量化分析。于种植术后9、15个月评估3组患者粉色和白色美学指数；术后6个月测量种植体稳定系数（implant stability quotient，ISQ）值；永久修复后6个月调查患者对整个治疗过程的满意度。 即刻种植不翻瓣组种植手术时间最短，中位数（下四分位数，上四分位数）为36.5（33.3，38.5） min，术后9个月粉色美学指数［8.5（8.0，9.0）分］及患者满意度［8.0（7.3，8.8）分］显著好于其他两组（<0.05）。3组术中及术后并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义（>0.05）。术后6个月早期种植组唇侧骨板厚度［3.09（3.00，3.25） mm］显著大于即刻种植不翻瓣组和即刻种植翻瓣组［分别为1.90（1.72，2.33）和2.39（2.05，3.06） mm］（<0.05），后两组间差异无统计学意义（>0.05）；即刻种植不翻瓣组唇侧骨板吸收量［0.61（0.35，0.98） mm］显著小于即刻种植翻瓣组［1.13（0.97，1.53） mm］和早期种植组［1.23（1.07，1.37） mm］（<0.05）。即刻种植不翻瓣组术后6个月剩余骨体积［38.7（31.2，54.6） mm］显著小于早期种植组［109.1（85.6，263.1） mm］（<0.05），与即刻种植翻瓣组的差异无统计学意义（>0.05）。 即刻种植能缩短治疗时间，较好恢复前牙美学效果，患者更青睐，即刻翻瓣手术并不能显著增加术后唇侧骨量，即刻种植不翻瓣手术术后骨吸收较少；4~8周早期种植能更好地维持种植体唇侧三维骨量，3组患者短期内均可获得良好的临床效果。.